Positive electrode active materials for secondary batteries and methods of preparing same

ABSTRACT

The present invention is a positive electrode active material that can be used in secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries to provide the power capability, i.e., the ability to deliver or retake energy in short periods of time, desired for large power applications such as power tools, electric bikes and hybrid electric vehicles. The positive electrode active material of the invention includes at least one electron conducting compound of the formula LiM 1   x−y {A} y O z  and at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide, wherein M 1  is a transition metal, {A} is represented by the formula Σw i B i  wherein B i  is an element other than M 1  used to replace the transition metal M 1  and w i  is the fractional amount of element B i  in the total dopant combination such that Σw i =1; B i  is a cation in LiM 1   x−y {A} y O z ; 0.95≦x≦2.10; 0≦y≦x/2; and 1.90≦z≦4.20. Preferably, the lithium metal oxide is LiAlO 2  or Li 2 M 2 O 3  wherein M 2  is at least one tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te. The present invention also includes methods of making this positive electrode active material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to commonly owned co-pending provisional application Ser. No. 60/313,631, filed Aug. 20, 2001, and claims the benefit of the earlier filing date of this application under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to positive electrode active materials for secondary (rechargeable) lithium and lithium-ion batteries that provide improved power capability comprising at least one electron conducting compound of the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide, wherein M¹, {A}, x, y and z are as discussed herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Secondary (rechargeable) lithium and lithium-ion batteries have become the standard in today's marketplace for use in portable electronics. Recently, there has been a desire to use these secondary batteries in new markets where high power capabilities are necessary, such as with power tools, electric bikes and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In particular, these applications require batteries that have the ability to deliver or retake energy in short periods of time. In addition, there continues to be a need to increase the safety and decrease the cost of these secondary batteries, particularly in these new markets.

The positive electrode active materials typically used for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries are lithium metal oxides such as LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, and LiMn₂O₄. Although these active materials have been successfully used with portable electronics, these materials do not possess the high power capabilities needed for use with power tools, electric bikes and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Accordingly, there is a need to provide new positive electrode active materials for these new markets.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a positive electrode active material that can be used in secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries to provide the power capability, i.e., the ability to deliver or retake energy in short periods of time, desired for large power applications such as power tools, electric bikes and hybrid electric vehicles. Furthermore, the positive electrode active material of the invention is safe and can be produced at a low cost as desired in the art.

As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/954,372 filed on Oct. 20, 1997, now abandoned, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/078,849 filed on May 14, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,521, issued Aug. 21, 2001, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, we have found that doping lithium metal oxides such as nickel, cobalt, and nickel/cobalt oxides with certain combinations of dopants such as Ti and Mg increases the safety of these lithium metal oxides when used in secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries by providing these lithium metal oxides with overcharge protection. In working with these doped lithium metal oxides, we unexpectedly discovered that when part of the Ti is not in the main lithium metal oxide phase, or in other words, when some of the titanium appears as a separate phase, and particularly in the form of Li₂TiO₃ and optionally additionally TiO₂, the material has a higher power capability and/or lower impedance than conventional materials when used as the positive electrode active material in secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries. The reduced impedance of the positive electrode active material improves the power capability of the secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery and allows the battery to deliver or retake energy in short periods of time. Therefore, the positive electrode active material of the invention, when used with secondary lithium and lithium-ion secondary batteries, is suitable for use in large power applications such as with power tools, electric bikes, and HEVs. In addition to Ti, it is believed that other tetravalent metals such as Zr, Sn, Mn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te and that Al will produce similar effects when present as separate lithium metal oxide phases in the positive electrode active material.

The present invention is a positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries comprising at least one electron conducting compound having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide wherein M¹ is a transition metal, {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) is an element other than M¹ used to replace the transition metal M¹ and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B_(i) in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1; B₁ is a cation in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z); 0.95≦x≦2.10; 0≦y≦x/2; and 1.90≦z≦4.20. The electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of LiAlO₂ and Li₂M²O₃, wherein M² is at least one tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te. Preferably, M² is Ti, Zr, Sn, Mn, or a mixture thereof and more preferably, M² is Ti, Zr, or a mixture thereof. In addition, x and z are preferably represented by the following relationships: 0.95≦x≦1.05 and 1.90≦z≦2.10. The values for x, y and z are preferably selected to produce a stable lithium metal oxide compound. For example, stable compounds can be produced where x=1, y is as described above and z=2. In addition, stable compounds can be produced where x=2, y is as described above and z=4. The positive electrode active material preferably includes from greater than or equal to 95% by weight and less than 100% by weight of the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound and greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 5% by weight of the Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ compound. The positive electrode active material can also include an electron insulating and lithium ion conducting metal oxide such as a metal oxide of the formula MO₂ wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te (e.g. TiO₂).

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, M¹ is selected from Co, Ni, Mn, Ti, Fe, Cr, V and Mo. More preferably, M¹ is selected from Co, Ni, Mn and Ti. Moreover, the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound preferably includes one or more dopants, i.e., y>0. The dopant elements B_(i) are preferably selected from the group consisting of elements having a Pauling's electronegativity not greater than 2.05, Mo, Te and Ru. More preferably, the dopant elements B_(i) include two or more dopant cations. The average oxidation state E of the dopant elements B_(i), as determined using the formula E=Σw₁E_(i) wherein E_(i) is the oxidation state of dopant element B_(i) in the lithium metal oxide LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), preferably equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.5, more preferably equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.1, and even more preferably equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹. For example, when x and z are represented by the relationships 0.95≦x≦1.05 and 1.90≦z≦2.10, the average oxidation state E of the dopant elements B_(i) is preferably represented by the relationship 2.5≦E≦3.5, more preferably represented by the relationship 2.9≦E≦3.1, and even more preferably equals 3. Moreover, preferably at least one, and more preferably at least two, of the dopant elements B_(i) have a different oxidation state than M¹ in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z). In addition, the metal M² is preferably present in the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound as M¹ or as a dopant element B_(i), e.g., either M¹ is Ti or the dopant elements B_(i) include Ti, or Al is present as a dopant element B_(i).

In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, x=1, z=2 and M¹ is Ni or Co, and more preferably M¹ is Ni. For example, the positive electrode material can be represented by the formula LiNi_(1−y)Co_(a)M³ _(b)M⁴ _(c)O₂, wherein M³ is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and combinations thereof; M⁴ is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof; y=a+b+c, 0<y≦0.5; 0<a<0.5; 0<b≦0.15; and 0<c≦0.15. In this formula, the value for y is typically represented by 0.1≦a≦0.3. Preferably, the dopant elements B_(i) (or M³ and M⁴ in the above formula) include Ti⁴⁺ and Mg²⁺ and, in this case, M² in the Li₂M²O₃ compound preferably includes Ti. In this embodiment, the fractional amount of Ti⁴⁺ is preferably approximately equal to the fractional amount of Mg²⁺. The dopant elements B₁ in the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound can also include Li⁺.

The present invention further includes a positive electrode for a secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery comprising the positive electrode active material described above, a carbonaceous material and a binder polymer. Moreover, the present invention includes a secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode includes the positive electrode active material described above.

The present invention also includes a method of preparing a positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries that includes at least one electron conducting compound having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide such as LiAlO₂ and Li₂M²O₃ as discussed above. In a preferred method embodiment of the invention, the method of preparing a positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries comprises preparing separate lithium metal oxide phases in situ corresponding to the formulas LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ wherein at least one of M¹ and B_(i) is the same as M² or B_(i) is Al. In this method, source compounds containing M¹, Li and optionally {A} are intimately mixed in amounts sufficient to provide a stoichiometric relationship between M¹, Li and {A} corresponding to the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) wherein M¹ is a transition metal, {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) is an element other than M¹ used to replace the transition metal M¹ and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B₁ in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1; B_(i) is a cation in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z); one of M¹ and B_(i) is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te, or B_(i) includes Al; 0.95≦x≦2.10; 0≦y≦x/2; and 1.90≦z≦4.20. The mixture is then fired in the presence of oxygen at an initial firing temperature and optionally one or more additional firing temperatures and then cooled. Preferably, at least one of the initial and optionally one or more additional firing temperatures is between about 700° C. and about 1000° C. The firing step comprises heating the mixture from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature at a sufficiently slow rate to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂, wherein M² is one of M¹ and B_(i) and selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te, or B_(i) includes Al. More preferably, M² is Ti, Zr, or mixtures thereof, and even more preferably includes Ti. Preferably, the firing step comprises heating the mixture from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature at an average rate of less than or equal to about 10° C./min. The firing step preferably includes heating the mixture from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature at a sufficiently slow rate to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ such that the lithium metal oxide phases include greater than or equal to 95% by weight and less than 100% by weight of LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 5% by weight of Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂. The firing step can also include heating the mixture from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature at a sufficiently slow rate to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ and M²O₂ wherein M² is one of M¹ and B_(i) and is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te.

The LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound is preferably made by firing the mixture of source compounds at one or more firing temperatures between 700° C. and 1000° C. in an atmosphere with a partial pressure of oxygen of at least 20 kPa. In addition, the source compounds preferably contain a transition metal M¹ selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn, Ti, Fe, Cr, V and Mo, and more preferably selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn and Ti. The mixing step generally includes dry mixing the source compounds but wet methods can be used as discussed above. Preferably, the mixing step comprises mixing source compounds including dopant elements B_(i) such that y>0, and more preferably two or more dopant elements B_(i). The dopant elements B_(i) are preferably selected from the group consisting of elements having a Pauling's electronegativity not greater than 2.05, Mo, Te and Ru. Moreover, the average oxidation state E of the dopant elements B_(i), preferably equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.5, more preferably equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.1, and even more preferably equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹. Preferably, at least one and more preferably at least two of the dopant elements B_(i) has a different oxidation state than M¹ in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z). As described above, a preferred LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound of the invention contains Ni as the transition metal M¹ and can be represented by the formula LiNi_(1−y)Co_(a)M³ _(b)M⁴ _(c)O₂ wherein M³ is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and combinations thereof; M⁴ is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof; y=a+b+c, 0<y≦0.5; 0<a<0.5; 0<b≦0.15; and 0<c≦0.15. This compound is formed by mixing source compounds containing Li, Ni, Co, M³ and M⁴ in amounts sufficient to provide a stoichiometric relationship between Li, Ni, Co, M³ and M⁴ corresponding to above formula. More preferably, Ti⁴⁺ and Mg²⁺ are the dopant elements M³ and M⁴ (i.e., B_(i) in the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z)). The LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound can also include Li⁺ as a dopant element B_(i).

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, which describe both the preferred and alternative embodiments of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a powder x-ray diffraction diagram for a LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ and Li₂TiO₃ mixture illustrating the lower portion of the peak representing LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ (2θ=44.5°) and illustrating the peak representing Li₂TiO₃ (2θ=43.7°) at the foot of the LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ peak.

FIG. 2 includes powder x-ray diffraction diagrams for three different samples prepared using different average ramp-up rates from 500° C. to 800° C. with each diagram illustrating the lower portion of the peak representing LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ (2θ=44.5°) and the peak representing Li₂TiO₃ (2θ=43.7°) at the foot of the LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ peak.

FIG. 3 is a graph of the amount of Ti that occurs in the Li₂TiO₃ phase, as determined by powder x-ray diffraction, as a function of the ramp rate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, preferred embodiments are described in detail to enable practice of the invention. Although the invention is described with reference to these specific preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these preferred embodiments. But to the contrary, the invention includes numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents as will become apparent from consideration of the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.

The present invention is a positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries comprising at least one electron conducting compound having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide. The LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound is a doped or undoped lithium metal oxide compound and these compounds are known in the art as intercalation or insertion compounds. In the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound, M¹ is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, Ti, Fe, Cr, V or Mo. In more preferred embodiments of the invention, M¹ is Co, Ni, Mn or Ti, and even more preferably is Co or Ni. As discussed below, {A} represents dopant cations in the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound. The values for x, y and z are represented by the relationships 0.95≦x≦2.10; 0≦y≦x/2; and 1.90≦z≦4.20. Preferably, x is represented by the relationship 0.95≦x≦1.05 and more preferably x=1. In addition, y is preferably represented by the relationship 0≦y≦0.3x, and thus when x=1, y is preferably from greater than or equal to 0 to less than or equal to 0.3. The value for z is preferably represented by the relationship 1.90≦z≦2.10 and more preferably z=2. The values for x, y and z in the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound are preferably selected to produce a stable, lithium metal oxide compound. In other words, the values for x, y and z produce a lithium metal oxide that can exist substantially in a single phase (e.g. 95% or more, and more preferably 99% or more, of the material is in a single phase). For example, stable compounds can be produced where x=1, y is as described above and z=2. In addition, stable compounds can be produced where x=2, y is as described above and z=4. Suitable lithium metal oxides corresponding to the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) in accordance with the present invention include doped (wherein y>0) and undoped (wherein y=0) lithium metal oxides of the formulas LiNiO₂, LiCoO₂, LiMnO₂ (including Li₂Mn₂O₄), LiMn₂O₄ and the like.

In the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound, {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) is an element other than M¹ and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B_(i) in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1. The dopant elements are used to replace the transition metal M¹ in the LiM¹ _(y−x){A}_(y)O_(z) compound and thus B_(i) is a cation in the compound. The dopant elements B_(i) are any elements other than M¹ selected from the group consisting of elements having a Pauling's electronegativity not greater than 2.05, Mo, Te and Ru. Accordingly, the dopant elements are preferably selected from Li, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, Te, Ru, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi and Po. More preferably, the dopant elements include Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Ga, Si, Ge and Sn.

As would be understood by those skilled in the art, when y>0, the lithium metal oxide is considered a doped lithium metal oxide compound. The dopant elements B_(i) can include one dopant element (e.g., LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.5)O₂) or, in one preferred embodiment of the invention, the dopant elements B₁ can include two or more dopant cations. Preferably, the average oxidation state E of the dopant elements B_(i), as determined using the formula E=Σw_(i)E_(i) wherein E_(i) is the oxidation state of dopant element B_(i) in the lithium metal oxide LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), preferably equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.5. More preferably, E equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.1 and even more preferably equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹. For example, when x=1 and z=2 (e.g. LiNi_(1−y){A}_(y)O₂ and LiCo_(1−y){A}_(y)O₂), the value for E is preferably represented by the relationship 2.5≦E≦3.5, more preferably represented by the relationship 2.9≦E≦3.1, and even more preferably equals 3. Moreover, preferably at least one, and more preferably at least two, of the dopant elements B₁ have a different oxidation state than M¹ in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z). For example, the dopants can include Ti⁴⁺ and Mg²⁺ and preferably the molar amount of Ti⁴⁺ is approximately equal to the molar amount of Mg²⁺ to provide a value of E approximately equal to 3. In this situation, the transition metal M¹ is replaced with [0.5 Ti⁴⁺+0.5 Mg²⁺] to produce LiM¹ _(1−y)Ti_(0.5y)Mg_(0.5y)O₂.

In accordance with the invention, the dopant elements B_(i) replace the transition metal M¹ and not the lithium in the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound to maximize the specific capacity of the lithium metal oxide compound. In other words, the ratio of Li to O in the doped intercalation compound (wherein y>0) is not smaller than the ratio of Li to O in the undoped compound LiM¹ _(x)O_(z) (where y=0). However, the dopant elements B₁ in the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound can include Li⁺. For example, in accordance with the invention, the transition metal M¹ can be replaced by [0.6 Ti⁴⁺+0.2 Mg²⁺+0.2 Li⁺] to produce LiM¹ _(1−y)Ti_(0.6y)Mg_(0.2y)Li_(0.2y)O₂, or stated differently, Li_(1+0.2y)M¹ _(1−y)Ti_(0.6y)Mg_(0.2y)O₂. Alternatively, the two dopant cations in the preferred embodiment can be Ti⁴⁺ and Li⁺, such that M¹ is replaced by [0.667 Ti⁴⁺+0.333 Li⁺] to produce LiM¹ _(1−y)Ti_(0.667y)Li_(0.333y)O₂ or Li_(1+0.333y)M¹ _(1−y)Ti_(0.667y)O₂.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, M¹=Ni, the dopant elements B_(i) include Co, M³ and M⁴, x=1 and z=2, and the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound can be represented by the formula LiNi_(1−y)Co_(a)M³ _(b)M⁴ _(c)O₂, wherein M³ is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and combinations thereof; M⁴ is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof; y=a+b+c, 0<y≦0.5; 0<a<0.5; 0<b≦0.15; and 0<c≦0.15. In this embodiment, a is typically represented by the relationship 0.1≦a≦0.3. Moreover, M³ and M⁴ preferably include Ti⁴⁺ and Mg²⁺, respectively. In addition, the molar amount of Ti⁴⁺ is preferably approximately equal to the molar amount of Mg²⁺. Exemplary compounds in accordance with this embodiment include LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.1)Ti_(0.1)Mg_(0.1)O₂, LiNi_(0.75)Co_(0.15)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂, and LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂.

As described above, the positive electrode active material of the invention also includes at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide. The term “lithium metal oxide” as used herein refers to oxides of lithium and at least one additional metal and is generally used in this application to refer to electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxides. The term “metal” as used herein refers not only to transition metals but also to other metals and semimetals such as Al, Si and Ge. The lithium metal oxides are preferably selected from the group consisting of LiAlO₂ and Li₂M²O₃, wherein M² is at least one tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te. Preferably, the lithium metal oxide is of the formula Li₂M²O₃ and M² is Ti, Zr, Sn, Mn, or a mixture thereof and more preferably, M² is Ti, Zr or a mixture thereof. Typically, M² includes Ti. The metal M² is preferably also present in the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound as M¹ or as a dopant element B_(i) (e.g. either M¹ is Ti or the dopant elements B₁ include Ti), or the dopant elements B_(i) include Al. More preferably, as discussed above, M¹ is Co, Ni, Mn or Ti, and even more preferably, M¹ is Co or Ni and the dopant elements B_(i) include Ti.

In addition to the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound and the lithium metal oxide, the positive electrode active material of the present invention can further include an electron insulating and lithium ion conducting metal oxide. Preferably, the metal oxide has the formula MO₂ wherein M is a tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te (e.g. TiO₂). Although Li₂MnO₃ is suitable as a lithium metal oxide for use in the invention, MnO₂ is too reactive with the electrolyte in the secondary lithium or lithium ion battery and thus M is preferably not Mn. Typically, M=M² and the MO₂ compound is formed by the incomplete conversion of source compounds containing M² into the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) or Li₂M²O₃ compound.

The positive electrode active material preferably includes from greater than or equal to 95% by weight and less than 100% by weight of the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound and greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 5% by weight of the lithium metal oxide (i.e., LiAlO₂ or Li₂M²O₃), based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material (not including additives such as the carbonaceous materials and polymer binders discussed below). More preferably, the positive electrode active material preferably includes from greater than or equal to 97% by weight and less than 100% by weight of the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound and greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 3% by weight of the lithium metal oxide (e.g., 98-99.5% LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and 0.5-2% LiAlO₂ or Li₂M²O₃). It is preferred that the positive electrode active material includes less than or equal to 5% of the lithium metal oxide because if it includes more than 5% of the lithium metal oxide, it results in reduced specific capacity. When the positive electrode active material includes both electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxides and metal oxides, the total amount of these compounds is less than or equal to 5% by weight, more preferably less than or equal to 3% by weight in the positive electrode active material.

The presence of the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound, the lithium metal oxide (e.g. LiAlO₂ or Li₂M²O₃) and the optional metal oxide (e.g. MO₂) in the positive electrode active material can be determined by any method known to those skilled in the art. For example, these compounds can be detected using x-ray diffraction by measuring the areas under the peaks representing the above compounds (e.g. LiNi_(1−y)Co_(a)Ti_(b)Mg_(c)O₂, Li₂TiO₃ and TiO₂) to determine the relevant amounts of each compound.

The present invention also includes methods of preparing a positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries that includes the electron conducting LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound, the electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide (e.g. LiAlO₂ or Li₂M²O₃) and the optional electron insulating and lithium ion conducting metal oxide (e.g. MO₂). In a preferred method embodiment of the invention, the method of preparing a positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries consists of preparing separate lithium metal oxide phases in situ corresponding to the formulas LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ and optionally M²O₂ wherein at least one of M¹ and B_(i) is the same as M² or B_(i) includes Al. According to this embodiment, M², i.e., one of M¹ and B_(i), is preferably selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te; is more preferably Ti, Zr or a mixture thereof; and typically includes Ti.

In the preferred method embodiment of the invention, source compounds containing M¹, Li and optionally {A} are intimately mixed in amounts sufficient to provide a stoichiometric relationship between M¹, Li and {A} corresponding to the formulas LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ and optionally M²O₂ as described above. Preferably, in order to provide the source compounds in amounts sufficient to provide the desired stoichiometric relationship, an excess of lithium source compounds (e.g. up to 10%) is provided. For example, to produce a compound of the formula LiNiO₂, the ratio of lithium to nickel fed can be between 1:1 and 1.1:1. Typically, the excess of lithium source compounds used (if any) is dependent on the source compounds used, the mixing methods used, the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂, and optional M²O₂ compounds being formed, and the process used to make the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂, and optional M²O₂ compounds, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.

The source compounds (raw materials) can be the pure elements but are typically compounds containing the elements such as oxides or salts thereof. For example, the source compounds are typically hydrated or anhydrous oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, nitrates, sulfates, chlorides or fluorides, but can be any other suitable source compound that will not cause elemental defects in the resulting intercalation compound. Preferably, the source compounds are oxides, hydroxides or carbonates as the gaseous by-products formed by firing these compounds tend to be more environmentally friendly. The elements for the lithium metal oxides can each be supplied from separate source compounds or at least two of the elements can be supplied from the same source compounds. In addition, the source compounds can be mixed in any desirable order.

For one of the preferred LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) electron conducting compounds of the invention discussed above represented by the formula LiNi_(1−x)Co_(y)M³ _(a)M⁴ _(b)O₂, a lithium source compound, a nickel source compound, a cobalt source compound, a titanium source compound and a magnesium source compound are mixed in any desired order to give the desired molar ratio according to the formula LiNi_(1−x)Co_(y)M³ _(a)M⁴ _(b)O₂, typically with excess lithium source compounds used as discussed above. Suitable source compounds for the invention include a lithium source compound comprising one or any combination of the following: LiOH, LiNO₃, Li₂CO₃, LiCl and LiF; a nickel source compound comprising one or any combination of the following: NiO, Ni(NO₃)₂, Ni(OH)₂ and NiCO₃; a cobalt source compound comprising one or any combination of the following: Co₃O₄, Co(OH)₂, CoCO₃, Co(NO₃)₂, CoO, and Co₂O₃; a titanium source compound comprising one or any combination of the following: TiO₂ in one or any combination of the following forms: anatase, rutile and brookite; and a magnesium source compound comprising one or any combination of the following: Mg(OH)₂, Mg(NO)₃, MgCO₃, MgCl₂ and MgO. Of these compounds, LiOH, Li₂CO₃, NiO, Ni(OH)₂, NiCO₃, Co₃O₄, Co(OH)₂, TiO₂, Mg(OH)₂, MgCO₃ and MgO are the most preferred. In addition, as mentioned above, commercially available compounds such as TiMgO₃ and Ni_(0.75)Ti_(0.25)O that can supply two cations for use in the compounds of the invention can be used as source compounds in accordance with the invention.

“Intimately mixed” as used herein refers to mixing the source compounds together sufficiently such that upon firing the source compounds can be formed into a substantially single-phase metal oxide. As discussed below in more detail, it is often preferable in accordance with the invention that the source compounds be intimately mixed such that they could form a substantially single phase metal oxide but not be fired in such a way as to form a substantially single phase metal oxide. In any event, the source compounds are preferably dry mixed, e.g., by mixing the source compounds in a ball mill to produce the intimate mixture. Alternatively, however, wet processing methods such as sol-gel type reactions and spray drying can also be used, alone or in combination with dry mixing. For example, in the case of doped lithium metal oxides, the source compounds can be intimately mixed by preparing a solution comprising M¹ and {A} from source compounds comprising M¹ and {A}, precipitating the M¹ and {A} out of solution to produce an intimately mixed hydroxide and blending the mixed hydroxide with a lithium source compound. The intimate mixture can also be prepared by suspending source compounds in a solution of other source compounds and spray drying the resulting slurry to obtain an intimate mixture. When the elements are mixed using wet processing methods, the mixture can generally be fired for a shorter period of time to produce the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ and optional M²O₂ compounds. Typically, the selection of mixing methods will vary depending on the raw materials used, the desired end product, and the firing temperature(s) used to make the desired end product.

The intimate mixture is fired at an initial firing temperature and optionally one or more additional firing temperatures between about 500° C. and about 1000° C. in the presence of oxygen to produce the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound, the Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ compound and optionally the M²O₂ compound described above. Preferably, at least one of the initial firing temperature and the optionally one or more additional firing temperatures is between about 700° C. and about 1000° C. and more preferably at least one of the firing temperatures is between about 750° C. and about 850° C. A solid state reaction is also preferably used to produce the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound. The intimate mixture is preferably fired in an atmosphere with a partial pressure of oxygen of at least 20 kPa and is typically fired in air. The intimate mixture can also be fired in an oxygen atmosphere with a partial pressure of at least 100 kPa. Preferably, the intimate mixture is fired at one or more firing temperatures between about 700° C. and about 1000° C. for a total firing time from about 1 hour to about 48 hours, more preferably, from about 2 hours to about 30 hours. As would be readily understood to those skilled in the art, the “ramp-up rates”, firing temperatures and firing times or “soak times” are dependent on one another as well as the materials selected for Li, M¹ and {A} and also depend on the desired end product. For example, for compounds where M¹ is Ni, x=1 and z=2, a lower maximum firing temperature (e.g. 800° C.) and a longer firing time (e.g. at least 20 hours) are preferably used compared to compounds where M¹ is Co, x=1 and z=2, which preferably use a higher maximum firing temperature (e.g., 950-1000° C.) and a shorter firing time (e.g. 2-8 hours). Any suitable apparatus can be used for firing the mixture, such as a rotary calciner, a stationary furnace or a tunnel furnace, that uniformly heats the source compounds to produce the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound.

The firing step according to this method embodiment of the invention comprises heating the mixture at a sufficiently slow rate from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ and optionally M²O₂. Preferably, the firing step includes heating the mixture at a sufficiently slow rate from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ such that the lithium metal oxide phases include greater than or equal to 95% by weight and less than 100% by weight of LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 5% by weight of Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂. The firing step can also include heating the mixture at a sufficiently slow rate from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ and M²O₂ wherein M is one of M¹ and B₁ selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Sn, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te. The intimate mixture can be heated from room temperature to 500° C. at any suitable rate but is preferably heated from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature at an average ramp-up rate of less than or equal to 10° C./min and more preferably less than or equal to 8° C./min to produce the separate lithium metal oxide phases. It has been discovered that an average heating rate from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature of less than or equal to 10° C./min is important to the formation of the Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ phase from the source compounds and limits the conversion of the Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ phase to the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) phase at the maximum firing temperature. For example, if the mixture were heated from 500° C. to 800° C. in 10 minutes, fired at 800° C. for 30 minutes, and then heated from 800° C. to 1000° C. in 10 minutes, the average heating rate from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature would be 10° C./min (or 500° C. in 50 minutes). The “maximum firing temperature” as would be understood by those skilled in the art is either the firing temperature used in a single firing step process or the highest firing temperature used in a multiple firing step process.

Once the intimate mixture has been fired to form the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂, and optional M²O₂ compounds, these compounds are cooled. Preferably, these compounds are cooled at a rate of greater than or equal to about 0.5° C./min and less than or equal to about 140° C./min. As would be understood by those skilled in the art, the cooling rate is typically selected based on the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z)compound produced. For example, if M¹ is Ni, x=1 and z=2, a slow cooling rate is preferably used (e.g. 1-5° C./min) to facilitate the uptake of oxygen in the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound upon cooling. However, if M¹ is Co, x=1 and z=2, a fast cooling rate (e.g. 8-140° C./min, more preferably 10-100° C./min) is preferably used to prevent the formation of localized cubic spinel-like structural phases on the surface of the crystallites or within the crystalline structures as described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/439,620, filed on Nov. 12, 1999, now abandoned, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M² 03 or LiAlO₂, and optional M²O₂ compounds are preferably uniformly cooled in accordance with the invention. In particular, substantially all of these compounds are preferably cooled at approximately the same rate. For example, the variation between the mean cooling rate and the cooling rate for any specific portion of the material should be less than about 10 percent. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, uniform cooling can be accomplished using a rotary calciner, or a stationary furnace or tunnel furnace with smaller bed depths. The uniformly cooled material prepared according to the invention has greater homogeneity and less variance in its material properties than material that is not uniformly cooled.

The positive electrode active material can be used in the positive electrode for a secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery. In particular, the positive electrode active material is typically combined with a carbonaceous material and a binder polymer to form the positive electrode for the secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery. The resulting positive electrode can then be combined with a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte to form the secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery. The negative electrode can be lithium metal or alloys, or any material capable of reversibly lithiating and delithiating at an electrochemical potential relative to lithium metal between about 0.0 V and 0.7 V, and is separated from the positive electrode material in the cell using an electronic insulating separator. Examples of negative electrode materials include carbonaceous materials containing H, B, Si and Sn; tin oxides; tin-silicon oxides; and composite tin alloys. The electrolyte can be non-aqueous liquid, gel or solid and preferably comprises a lithium salt, e.g., LiPF₆.

In accordance with the invention, the electronic insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide and optional metal oxide stabilize the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound in the discharge and charge cycles of the secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery. In particular, it is believed that, because the lithium metal oxide and optional metal oxide are electronic insulators and lithium ion conductors, these compounds allow good lithium ion transfer in the positive electrode while impeding redox reactions at the interfaces of the positive electrode active material. Thus, the lithium metal oxide and optional metal oxide prevent the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound from reacting with the other battery materials. This has particularly been found to be true when the preferred synthesis method discussed above is used wherein the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ and optional M²O₂ compounds are formed in situ because the Li₂M²O₃ or LiAlO₂ compound (and the optional M²O₂ compound) are advantageously formed on the grain boundaries between LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) crystallites or on the surface of the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) particles during synthesis of the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound.

The positive electrode active material of the invention when used in secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries has a good initial specific capacity and excellent cycleability with limited fade of the specific capacity in cycling. The positive electrode active material of the invention is also safe. Furthermore, the positive electrode active material of the invention has excellent power capability, i.e., the ability to deliver or retake energy in short periods of time. Therefore, secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries prepared using the positive electrode active material of the invention can be used not only in portable electronics such as cellular phones, camcorders, and laptop computers, but also in large power applications such as for power tools, electric bikes and hybrid electric vehicles.

The present invention will now be further described by the following non-limiting examples.

Li₂TiO₃ Determination Using Powder X-ray Diffraction

X-ray powder diffraction is a standard technique for determining the amount of a particular crystalline phase present in a mixture of other crystalline phases. The technique is well known and fully explained in the literature. See, e.g., “X-ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline and Amorphous Materials,” Klug & Alexander, 2^(nd) ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974. The measured integrated intensity of a diffraction peak characteristic of a given phase in a mixture can be related to the mass fraction (and hence to the mole fraction) of that phase in the mixture after appropriate standardization and correction constants are determined and/or calculated. For a mixture of two phases, the mass fraction of phase 1, x₁, can be determined from the integrated intensity of a diffraction peak representing that phase in the mixture, I(x₁), based on the formula: I(x ₁)/I ₀ =x ₁(μ/ρ)₁ /{x ₁[(μ/ρ)₁−(μ/ρ)₂]+(μ/ρ)₂} where (μ/ρ)₁ and (μ/ρ)₂ are the mass absorption coefficients of the two components and I₀ is the integrated intensity of the diffraction peak in a pure phase 1 sample. (μ/ρ)₁ and (μ/ρ)₂ can be easily calculated from tabulated values if the compositions of the phases are known. For Li₂TiO₃ and LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂, the values are 95.9 cm²/g and 67.0 cm²/g for CuKα radiation, respectively. These values can then be used to determine the mass fraction of Li₂TiO₃, x₁, in a mixture of Li₂TiO₃ and LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ by the following formula: I(x ₁)/I ₀=95.9x ₁ /{x ₁[95.9−67.0]+67.0}=95.9x ₁/{28.9x ₁+67.0}. Because the Li₂TiO₃ loading in the Li₂TiO₃/LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ mixture is so small (typically a maximum of ˜0.05), one can ignore small changes in the LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ (μ/ρ) resulting from differing levels of Ti incorporation into that phase, as well as the contribution of “28.9 x₁” relative to the other term in the denominator. Thus, one obtains the simple linear relation: I(x1)≈95.9I ₀ x ₁/(1.4+67.0)≈k x ₁ where the constant k is determined from a mixture of known composition.

Using this approach requires that the known mixture and all samples be examined under identical experimental conditions, particularly the intensity of the X-ray source used to make the measurement. Precision under these circumstances can be difficult to obtain, especially since the low Li₂TiO₃ loading implies that the integrated intensities measured will be rather weak and hence quite sensitive to error. This problem can be alleviated by having a material of known scattering power in the X-ray experiment to monitor variations of incident X-ray intensity between runs. This can be conveniently done by measuring the integrated intensity of a LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ diffraction peak, which constitutes the bulk of the material present in the sample.

An example of determining the amount of Li₂TiO₃ in a Li₂TiO₃/LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ mixture is shown below and in FIG. 1. The large peak is the 104 reflection of LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ and the small peak comes from Li₂TiO₃. Backgrounds are drawn and the net integrated intensity of each peak is determined. The mole fraction of Li₂TiO₃ in the mixture, m₁, is computed by m ₁ ={[I(m ₁)/I(104)]/[I _(s)(m _(s))/I _(s)(104)]}m _(s) where I(m₁) and I(104) are the integrated intensities of the Li₂TiO₃ and LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ diffraction peaks in the unknown mixture and I_(s)(m_(s)) and I_(s)(104) are the integrated intensities of the Li₂TiO₃ and LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ diffraction peaks in the mixture with known Li₂TiO₃ concentration m_(s). In this case, approximately 10 m-moles of Li₂TiO₃ are present per mole LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ in the mixture.

EXAMPLES 1-3

Stoichiometric amounts of NiO, LiOH.H₂O, Co₃O₄, TiO₂ and Mg(OH)₂ with 10 molar % excess Li were thoroughly mixed to target the production of LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂. The mixture was fired in air at a maximum firing temperature of about 800° C. for 20 hours, then cooled at a rate of 1° C./min to 500° C. followed by natural cooling to room temperature. The average ramp-up rate from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature was 18° C./min, 10° C./min, and 2° C./min for Examples 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

FIG. 2 illustrates the x-ray diffraction spectra for the three examples. The peak representing Li₂TiO₃ is located in the spectra at the foot of the 104 peak of the LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ main phase. FIG. 3 shows the amount of Ti in the separate Li₂TiO₃ phase, as determined by powder x-ray diffraction, as a function of the ramp rate. Clearly, a faster ramp rate favors increased incorporation of Ti in the LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.2)Ti_(0.05)Mg_(0.05)O₂ main phase while slower ramp rates favor incorporation of a portion of the Ti in the separate Li₂TiO₃ phase. As shown in FIG. 3, Examples 1, 2 and 3 include 2 m-moles of Ti in the Li₂TiO₃ phase (0.23% by weight Li₂TiO₃), 5 m-moles of Ti in the Li₂TiO₃ phase (0.58% by weight Li₂TiO₃) and 10 m-moles of Ti in the Li₂TiO₃ phase (1.15% by weight Li₂TiO₃), respectively.

It is understood that upon reading the above description of the present invention and reviewing the accompany drawings, one skilled in the art could make changes and variations therefrom. These changes and variations are included in the spirit and scope of the following appended claims. 

1. A positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries comprising: at least one electron conducting compound existing in a first single phase having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) wherein M¹ is a transition metal; {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) is an element other than M¹ used to replace the transition metal M¹ and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B_(i) in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1; B_(i) is a cation in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z); 0.95≦x≦1.05; 0≦y≦x/2; and 1.90≦z≦2.10; and at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide Li₂M²O₃ existing in a second single phase structurally separate from the first single phase of the compound having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), wherein M² is at least one tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and Hf.
 2. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of Li₂TiO₃, Li₂ZrO₃ and mixtures thereof.
 3. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the lithium metal oxide is Li₂TiO₃.
 4. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, comprising from greater than or equal to 95% by weight and less than 100% by weight of LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 5% by weight of the lithium metal oxide.
 5. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein M¹ is selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, and Fe.
 6. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein x=1 and z=2.
 7. The positive electrode active material according to claim 6, wherein M¹ is Ni.
 8. The positive electrode active material according to claim 6, wherein M¹ is Co.
 9. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein y>0.
 10. The positive electrode active material according to claim 9, wherein the dopant elements B_(i) are selected from the group consisting of elements having a Pauling's electronegativity not greater than 2.05.
 11. The positive electrode active material according to claim 9, wherein the dopant elements B_(i) include two or more dopant cations.
 12. The positive electrode active material according to claim 11, wherein the average oxidation state E of the dopant elements B_(i), as determined using the formula E=Σw_(i)E_(i) wherein E_(i) is the oxidation state of dopant element B_(i) in the lithium metal oxide LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), is represented by the relationship 2.5≦E≦3.5.
 13. The positive electrode active material according to claim 12, wherein 2.9≦E≦3.1.
 14. The positive electrode active material according to claim 12, wherein E=3.
 15. The positive electrode active material according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the dopant elements B_(i) has a different oxidation state than M¹ in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z).
 16. The positive electrode active material according to claim 11, wherein at least two of the dopant elements B_(i) have a different oxidation state than M¹ in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z).
 17. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein x, y and z are values that provide a stable lithium metal oxide compound.
 18. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein the metal M² is present in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) as a dopant element B_(i).
 19. The positive electrode active material according to claim 18, wherein the lithium metal oxide has the formula Li₂M²O₃ and M² includes Ti.
 20. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, wherein M¹ is Ni or Co, M² is Ti, and the dopant elements B_(i) include Ti⁴⁺.
 21. The positive electrode active material according to claim 20, wherein M¹ is Ni.
 22. The positive electrode active material according to claim 1, further comprising at least one electron insulating and lithium-ion conducting metal oxide.
 23. A positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries comprising: at least one electron conducting compound having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) wherein M¹ is a transition metal; {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) is an element other than M¹ used to replace the transition metal M¹ and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B_(i) in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1; B_(i) is a cation in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z); 0.95≦x≦1.05; 0≦y≦x/2; and 1.90≦z≦2.10; at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide Li₂M²O₃, wherein M² is at least one tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and Hf; and at least one electron insulating and lithium-ion conducting metal oxide, wherein the metal oxide has the formula MO₂ wherein M is at least one tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te.
 24. The positive electrode active material according to claim 23, wherein M=M².
 25. The positive electrode active material according to claim 24, wherein said metal oxide is TiO₂.
 26. A positive electrode for a secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery comprising the positive electrode active material of claim 1, a carbonaceous material and a polymer binder.
 27. A secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode includes the positive electrode active material of claim
 1. 28. A positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries comprising at least one compound existing in a first single phase having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and at least one lithium metal oxide of the formula Li₂M²O₃, existing in a second single phase structurally separate from the first single phase of the compound having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z); wherein M¹ is a transition metal, M² is at least one tetravalent metal {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) is an element other than M¹ used to replace the transition metal M¹ and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B_(i) in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1; B_(i) is a cation in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z); 0.95≦x≦2.10; 0≦y≦x/2; and 1.90≦z≦4.20.
 29. The positive electrode active material according to claim 28, wherein the lithium metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of Li₂TiO₃, Li₂ZrO₃ and mixtures thereof.
 30. The positive electrode active material according to claim 29, wherein the lithium metal oxide is Li₂TiO₃.
 31. The positive electrode active material according to claim 28, comprising from greater than or equal to 95% by weight and less than 100% by weight of LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 5% by weight of the lithium metal oxide.
 32. The positive electrode active material according to claim 28, wherein x=1 and z=2.
 33. A positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries comprising at least one compound of the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and at least one lithium metal oxide of the formula Li₂M²O₃, wherein M¹ is a transition metal, M² is at least one tetravalent metal {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) is an element other than M¹ used to replace the transition metal M¹ and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B_(i) in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1; B_(i) is a cation in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z); 0≦y≦1; x=2; and z=4.
 34. The positive electrode active material according to claim 28, wherein M¹ is selected from Co, Ni, and Fe.
 35. The positive electrode active material according to claim 28, wherein y>0.
 36. The positive electrode active material according to claim 35, wherein the dopant elements B_(i) are selected from the group consisting of elements having a Pauling's electronegativity not greater than 2.05.
 37. The positive electrode active material according to claim 35, wherein the dopant elements B_(i) includes two or more dopant cations.
 38. The positive electrode active material according to claim 37, wherein the average oxidation state E of the dopant elements B_(i), as determined using the formula E=Σw_(i)E_(i) wherein E_(i) is the oxidation state of dopant element B_(i) in the lithium metal oxide LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.5.
 39. The positive electrode active material according to claim 38, wherein E equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.1.
 40. The positive electrode active material according to claim 38, wherein E equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹.
 41. The positive electrode active material according to claim 37, wherein at least one of the dopant elements B_(i) has a different oxidation state than M¹ in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z).
 42. The positive electrode active material according to claim 37, wherein at least two of the dopant elements B_(i) have a different oxidation state than M¹ in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z).
 43. The positive electrode active material according to claim 28, wherein x, y and z are values that provide a stable lithium metal oxide compound.
 44. The positive electrode active material according to claim 28, wherein the lithium metal oxide has the formula Li₂M²O₃ and M² includes Ti.
 45. The positive electrode active material according to claim 28, further comprising at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting metal oxide.
 46. A positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries comprising: at least one compound of the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and at least one lithium metal oxide of the formula Li₂M²O₃, wherein M¹ is a transition metal, M² is at least one tetravalent metal, {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) is an element other than M¹ used to replace the transition metal M¹ and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B_(i) in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1; B_(i) is a cation in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z); 0.95≦x≦2.10; 0≦y≦x/2; and 1.90≦z≦4.20; and at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting metal oxide, wherein the metal oxide has the formula MO₂ wherein M is at least one tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Mo, Si, Ge, Hf, Ru and Te.
 47. The positive electrode active material according to claim 46, wherein M=M².
 48. The positive electrode active material according to claim 46, wherein said metal oxide is TiO₂.
 49. A positive electrode for a secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery comprising the positive electrode active material of claim 28, a carbonaceous material and a binder polymer.
 50. A secondary lithium or lithium-ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode includes the positive electrode active material of claim
 28. 51. A method of preparing a positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries, the positive electrode active material including separate lithium metal oxide phases corresponding to the formulae LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and Li₂M²O₃ comprising the steps of: intimately mixing source compounds containing M¹, Li and optionally {A} in amounts sufficient to provide a stoichiometric relationship between M¹, Li and {A} corresponding to the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) wherein M¹ is a transition metal, {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) is an element other than M¹ used to replace the transition metal M¹ and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B_(i) in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1; B_(i) is a cation in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z); 0.95≦x≦2.10; 0≦y≦x/2; and 1.90≦z≦4.20; firing the mixture in the presence of oxygen at an initial firing temperature and optionally one or more additional firing temperatures, at least one of said initial firing temperature and optionally one or more additional firing temperatures being the maximum firing temperature and at least one of said initial firing temperature and optionally one or more additional firing temperatures being between about 700° C. and about 1000° C., wherein said firing step comprises heating the mixture at a sufficiently slow rate from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and Li₂M²O₃, wherein M² is one of M¹ and B_(i); and cooling the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and Li₂M²O₃ compounds.
 52. The method according to claim 51, wherein said firing step comprises heating the mixture from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature at an average rate of less than or equal to about 10° C./min.
 53. The method according to claim 51, wherein said firing step comprises heating the mixture at a sufficiently slow rate from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), Li₂M²O₃ and M²O₂, wherein one of M¹ and B_(i) is M² and M² is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and Hf.
 54. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises dry mixing the source compounds.
 55. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises preparing a solution comprising M¹ and {A} from source compounds comprising M¹ and {A}, precipitating the M¹ and {A} out of solution to produce an intimately mixed hydroxide and blending the mixed hydroxide with a lithium source compound.
 56. The method according to claim 51, wherein said firing step comprises firing the mixture at a partial pressure of oxygen of at least 20 kPa.
 57. The method according to claim 51, wherein said firing step comprises heating the mixture at a sufficiently slow rate from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and Li₂M²O₃ such that the lithium metal oxide phases include greater than or equal to 95% by weight and less than 100% by weight of LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and greater than 0% by weight and less than or equal to 5% by weight of Li₂M²O₃.
 58. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds containing a transition metal M¹ selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, and Fe.
 59. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds including dopant elements B_(i) such that y>0.
 60. The method according to claim 59, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds including dopant elements B_(i) selected from the group consisting of elements having a Pauling's electronegativity not greater than 2.05.
 61. The method according to claim 59, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds including two or more dopant elements B_(i).
 62. The method according to claim 61, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds wherein the average oxidation state E of the dopant elements B_(i), as determined using the formula E=Σw_(i)E_(i) wherein E_(i) is the oxidation state of dopant element B_(i) in the lithium metal oxide LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.5.
 63. The method according to claim 61, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds wherein the average oxidation state E of the dopant elements B_(i), as determined using the formula E=Σw_(i)E_(i) wherein E_(i) is the oxidation state of dopant element B_(i) in the lithium metal oxide LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹±0.1.
 64. The method according to claim 61, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds wherein the average oxidation state E of the dopant elements B_(i), as determined using the formula E=Σw_(i)E_(i) wherein E_(i) is the oxidation state of dopant element B_(i) in the lithium metal oxide LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z), equals the oxidation state of the replaced transition metal ion M¹.
 65. The method according to claim 61, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds wherein at least one of the dopant elements B_(i) has a different oxidation state than M¹ in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z).
 66. The method according to claim 61, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds wherein at least two of the dopant elements B_(i) has a different oxidation state than M¹ in LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z).
 67. The method according to claim 61, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds in amounts sufficient to provide values for x, y and z that provide a stable metal oxide compound.
 68. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing the source compounds in amounts sufficient to produce a LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound wherein x=1 and z=2.
 69. The method according to claim 68, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds containing Ni or Co as the transition metal M¹.
 70. The method according to claim 69, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds containing Ti⁴⁺ as a dopant element B_(i).
 71. The method according to claim 70, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds containing Ni as the transition metal M¹.
 72. The method according to claim 69, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds containing Co as the transition metal M¹.
 73. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds containing Li, Ni, Co, M³ and M⁴ in amounts sufficient to provide a stoichiometric relationship between Li, Ni, Co, M³ and M⁴ corresponding to the formula LiNi_(1−y)Co_(a)M³ _(b)M⁴ _(c)O₂ wherein M³ is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, and combinations thereof; M⁴ is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof; M² is M³; y=a+b+c, 0<y≦0.5; 0<a<0.5; 0<b≦0.15; and 0<c≦0.15.
 74. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing the source compounds in amounts sufficient to produce a LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) compound wherein x=2 and z=4.
 75. The method according to claim 51, wherein said cooling step comprises cooling the LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) and Li₂M²O₃ compounds at a rate of greater than or equal to about 0.5° C./min and less than or equal to about 140° C./min.
 76. The method according to claim 51, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds such that excess of the source compound containing lithium is provided in the mixture.
 77. A method of preparing a positive electrode active material for secondary lithium and lithium-ion batteries, the positive electrode active material including separate lithium metal oxide phases corresponding to the formulae LiNi_(1−y)Co_(a)M³ _(b)M⁴ _(c)O₂ and Li₂M³O₃ comprising the steps of: intimately mixing source compounds containing Li, Ni, Co, M³ and M⁴ in amounts sufficient to provide a stoichiometric relationship between Li, Ni, Co, M³ and M⁴ corresponding to the formula LiNi_(1−y)Co_(a)M³ _(b)M⁴ _(c)O₂ wherein M³ is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr and combinations thereof; M⁴ is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof; y=a+b+c, 0<y≦0.5; 0<a<0.5; 0<b≦0.15; and 0<c≦0.15; firing the mixture in the presence of oxygen at an initial firing temperature and optionally one or more additional firing temperatures wherein at least one of the firing temperatures is the maximum firing temperature and wherein at least one of the firing temperatures is between about 700° C. and about 1000° C., said firing step comprising heating the mixture from 500° C. to the maximum firing temperature at an average rate of less than or equal to 10° C./min to produce separate lithium metal oxide phases including LiNi_(1−y)Co_(a)M³ _(b)M⁴ _(c)O₂ and Li₂M³O₃; and cooling the LiNi_(1−y)Co_(a)M³ _(b)M⁴ _(c)O₂ and Li₂M³O₃ compounds.
 78. The method according to claim 77, said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds such that M³ includes Ti.
 79. The method according to claim 78, wherein said mixing step comprises mixing source compounds such that M⁴ includes Mg.
 80. A positive electrode active material, comprising: at least one electron conducting compound existing in a first single phase having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) wherein M¹ is a transition metal, {A} is represented by the formula Σw_(i)B_(i) wherein B_(i) comprises at least one element having a Pauling's electronegativity not greater than 2.05 and w_(i) is the fractional amount of element B_(i) in the total dopant combination such that Σw_(i)=1, 0.95≦x≦1.05, 0≦y≦x/2, and 1.90≦z≦2.10; and at least one electron insulating and lithium ion conducting lithium metal oxide of the formula LiM²O₃, existing in a second single phase structurally separate from the first single phase of the compound having the formula LiM¹ _(x−y){A}_(y)O_(z) wherein M² is at least one tetravalent metal. 